I had always been opposed to colonialism : President Harry S. Truman and the end of European colonialism.

This thesis is a biographical and historiographical examination of Truman\u27s rhetoric and handling of colonialism. Truman\u27s position regarding European colonialism is a worthy topic since it facilitates the study of the United States\u27 treatment of people in underdeveloped countries and allows insight into Truman\u27s beliefs. The research methodology and references used for the paper include primary sources drawn principally from the Truman Presidential Library as well as numerous secondary sources relating to Truman\u27s Presidency. The focus of analysis is on Truman and his administration\u27s oratory and diplomatic decisions regarding colonial issues. The findings show that Truman demonstrated through both his public and private communications that he opposed colonialism. Furthermore, the bulk of the foreign policy decisions made by Truman\u27s administration showed a tendency to oppose colonialism. Nonetheless, Truman aided French efforts to reestablish control over former colonies in Indochina and this deviation undermined his otherwise anti-colonial legacy for future generations

Federal Legal and Regulatory Developments Relating to the U.S. Pipeline Industry

The Atlantic Coast Pipeline (“ACP”) was designed as a 600-mile underground, pipeline project transporting natural gas from well sites in West Virginia to end users throughout Virginia and North Carolina. Atlantic Coast Pipeline, LLC (“Atlantic Coast”), the developer of the ACP project, began the extensive process of obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals for this project by initiating a pre-filing process with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) in October 2014. In the nearly six years that followed, the project received various permits related to water and air quality as well as other matters from state and federal agencies. At nearly every step of the way, however, opponents of the project challenged the grant of these permits. In one case, several environmental groups challenged the propriety of the U.S. Forest Service granting a right-of-way for the pipeline to traverse a portion of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. The ensuing litigation eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which rendered an opinion on June 15, 2020, upholding the grant of the right-of-way and apparently paving the way for the completion of the project. Despite receiving this favorable ruling, Duke Energy and Dominion Energy— the companies that created Atlantic Coast Pipeline, LLC as a joint venture—announced they were abandoning construction of the project on July 5, 2020

Appalachian Basin–Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio–Oil and Gas Law Developments

This article addresses oil and gas case law developments that have occurred within the Appalachian Basin’s primary oil and gas producing states of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio during 2021 by reviewing opinions issued by the highest appellate courts within each of these three states. The oil and gas law topics addressed by these state supreme courts during 2021 have ranged from those occurring upstream, such as leasing, to those occurring downstream, such as approval of a utility rate increase for the extension of a natural gas pipeline

Photoionization of Galactic Halo Gas by Old Supernova Remnants

We present new calculations on the contribution from cooling hot gas to the photoionization of warm ionized gas in the Galaxy. We show that hot gas in cooling supernova remnants (SNRs) is an important source of photoionization, particularly for gas in the halo. We find that in many regions at high latitude this source is adequate to account for the observed ionization so there is no need to find ways to transport stellar photons from the disk. The flux from cooling SNRs sets a floor on the ionization along any line of sight. Our model flux is also shown to be consistent with the diffuse soft X-ray background and with soft X-ray observations of external galaxies. We consider the ionization of the clouds observed towards the halo star HD 93521, for which there are no O stars close to the line of sight. We show that the observed ionization can be explained successfully by our model EUV/soft X-ray flux from cooling hot gas. In particular, we can match the H alpha intensity, the S++/S+ ratio, and the C+* column. From observations of the ratios of columns of C+* and either S+ or H0, we are able to estimate the thermal pressure in the clouds. The slow clouds require high (~10^4 cm^-3 K) thermal pressures to match the N(C+*)/N(S+) ratio. Additional heating sources are required for the slow clouds to maintain their ~7000 K temperatures at these pressures, as found by Reynolds, Hausen & Tufte (1999).Comment: AASTeX 5.01; 34 pages, 2 figures; submitted to Astrophysical Journa

Examining the Relationship Between Star Player Characteristics and Brand Equity in Professional Sport Teams

The overarching purpose of this study was to examine the impact of star athletes on the consumer-based brand equity of professional sport teams. Through a comprehensive review of literature and a test of content validity by an expert panel, preliminary scales were developed to measure the characteristic attributes of star athletes and the areas of brand equity that were affected by these traits. Research participants (N = 195) were professional sport fans that responded to a survey questionnaire in a classroom setting. After conducting factor analyses on the results, two factors (On -Field and Off-Field) for the star characteristic variables and six factors (Brand Loyalty, Brand Awareness, Brand Image, Brand Value, Perceived Quality, and Brand Reputation) for the areas of brand equity emerged. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the On-Field and Off-Field factors combined to exert the greatest, significant effects on the Brand Awareness and Brand Image components

Precision planar drift chambers and cradle for the TWIST muon decay spectrometer

To measure the muon decay parameters with high accuracy, we require an array of precision drift detector layers whose relative position is known with very high accuracy. This article describes the design, construction and performance of these detectors in the TWIST (TRIUMF Weak Interaction Symmetry Test) spectrometer.Comment: 44 pages, 16 Postscript figures, LaTeX2e, uses Elsevier class elsart.cls, package graphicx, submitted to Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Researc

What Is Wrong With Chinese Soccer? Consumers’ Attention, Involvement, and Satisfaction

While Chinese supporters represent one of European soccer’s fastest-growing fan bases (Sporting Intelligence, 2011), the high-level of enthusiasm surrounding the European soccer leagues does not seem to be shared with China’s domestic league, the Chinese Super League (CSL). Soccer is in fact the most popular sport in China; however, locals have developed an attitude of resentment toward the product as they appear unhappy and unwilling to attend and watch CSL events, nor consume licensed CSL products. Based on these observations, the purpose of this study was to investigate Chinese soccer fans’ levels of satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the basis of their attention to and involvement with the CSL and its teams. According to Lavidge and Steiner’s (1961) hierarchy of effects model, there is an inherent sequence in cognition, affection, and conation, whereby awareness and attention can be linked to customer satisfaction. Seeing, experiencing, and evaluating form the essence of initial satisfaction (Oliver, 1997) and will lead to a consumer’s further attention, interest, and ultimately commitment to purchase a product or service (Anderson, Fornell, & Lehmann, 1994; Shank, 2009). Literature has shown that consumers with high levels of brand attention cope better with price changes that could potentially impact their behavioral intentions and satisfaction levels (Oh, 2000). Therefore, consumer attention to the CSL would experience higher levels of satisfaction with the league’s operations and marketing efforts (Hypothesis 1). Involvement is also known to play a critical role in determining consumer behavior because people with feelings of involvement tend to have expectations toward products or services that they consume or are planning to consume. Prior studies have identified the direct and indirect effects of involvement on levels of satisfaction (Mano & Oliver, 1993; Richins & Bloch, 1991; Swinyard, 1993). When an individual is continuously involved with a product or a service, he or she likely to be reasonably satisfied with the product or service and displays a high level of brand commitment. It was therefore hypothesized that consumers with a higher level of involvement would be more likely to search for information about a product or a service; when mediated by their satisfaction toward the product or service, they would be more likely to repurchase or reuse it (Hypothesis 2). Research participants (N = 926) were spectators at five CSL games, involving 10 of 16 CSL teams, held in five major Chinese cities. Based on the literature review and interviews of 26 CSL team administrators and coaches, a questionnaire was formulated that contained items geared toward measuring consumer attention, consumer involvement, and consumer satisfaction. The sample was randomly split into three sub-groups (n = 309, n = 309, and n = 308), which were respectively used to conduct an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for the consumer satisfaction variables, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for the consumer satisfaction variables, and structural equation modeling (SEM) for examining the impact of consumer attention and involvement on consumer satisfaction. The EFA suggested three consumer satisfaction factors with 10 items retained. These factors were labeled as satisfaction with policy, satisfaction with operations, and satisfaction with marketing. The factor loadings ranged from .482 to .899. CFA confirmed the data fit of the model derived in EFA (x²/df = 2.154, RMSEA =.061, CFI = .963, SRMR = .042). Furthermore, the model displayed good reliability and validity evidence (AVE \u3e .5, CR \u3e .7, λ \u3e .6, rinter-factor \u3c .85). In SEM, the data fit the specified structural model reasonably well (x²/df = 2.463, RMSEA = .069, CFI = .945, and SRMR = .048). Among the proposed structural relationships, consumers’ attentions negatively influenced their satisfaction with marketing (β = -.169, p \u3c .05) and consumers’ involvements negatively influenced their satisfaction with operations (β = -.162, p \u3c .05). The relationships between attention and satisfaction with policy (β = -.025, p \u3e .05), between attention and satisfaction with operations (β = -.117, p \u3e .05), between involvement and satisfaction with policy (β = -.108, p \u3e .05), and between involvement and satisfaction with marketing (β = -.114, p \u3e .05) were not statistically significant. Contrary to the common beliefs that consumer’ attentions and involvements would positively affect one’s satisfaction, the findings of this study revealed opposite relationships between consumer cognition and affect. A reasonable explanation is that the CSL has serious issues in its operations and marketing, both of which are often resulted from the league’s administrative policies although consumers may not fully understand the presence, relevance, and impact of the policies on the other two observable aspects, namely operation and marketing. Many soccer fans in China very much care about the CSL and the general growth and development of soccer in China; however, they are very discouraged by the CSL’s ineffective administration and numerous corruptions, errors, and scandals in recent years. Constructive suggestions are offered at the end of project to improve the CSL’s operations and marketing efforts. Beyond China, it is hoped that the findings of this study can also aid league administrators in other countries where soccer fans give priority to foreign soccer games over their domestic products

Community Sport Service Provision, Resident Satisfaction, and Participation

Advocating for the “gold medal strategy”, China has made great advancements in elite sports; however, the significant achievement in elite sports has not translated into the development of mass sport participations. To form a stronger foundation of a sport pyramid, more attention should be directed to community sports and promoting healthy lifestyles. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of community sport service provisions on participants’ satisfaction and in turn on their sport participation behavior. In the current study, the public sport service in community includes sport facilities, sport organizations, sport programs, fitness test, and volunteer services (fitness guide). According to the hierarchy of effects model of Lavidge and Steiner (1961), both hard services and soft services were hypothesized to exert positive influences on consumer satisfaction and participation behavior in community sport (i.e., payment and participation frequency). Of the 750 copies distributed in Guangdong, China, 576 valid questionnaires were completed and returned, yielding a usable response rate of 76.8%. The first half of the sample was used to conduct exploratory factor analyses (EFA) for the provision items; the second half was used to conduct confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of these two measures and also conduct a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis to examine the relationships among public service provision, consumer satisfaction, and consumption behavior in community sports. The results of EFA and CFA indicated that five aspects of community sport service provision could be categorized into hard service and soft services. Specifically, hard refers to sport facility, organization building and organizing activity which can be seen and touched while soft service refers to fitness test, fitness instruction and sport information which sometimes are intangible. The results of SEM suggested that hard service provision positively influenced consumer satisfaction (β = .685, p \u3c .01), whereas soft service provision did not exert significant influence on consumer satisfaction (β = .210, p \u3e .05). Satisfaction would positively impact the frequency of participation was supported (β = .212, p \u3c .01). Consumer satisfaction would positively impact the level of payment for participating in sport organizations was rejected (β = -.298, p \u3c .01). In conclusion, the present study provided empirical evidence that hard sport service in community, as measured by the sport facility, grassroots sport organization and sport activity program, is an important element of the public sport service construct in the context of community sports. Furthermore, it highlighted that these programs have had a strong influence on resident satisfaction and participation behavior. The resulting theoretical framework is therefore applicable in this context. Lastly, the results revealed the important role of satisfaction in the prediction of residents’ future behaviors. By understanding the major drivers of residents’ behaviors, local sport councils, community managers, grassroots organizations, and residents could work together to establish a nonhierarchical and cooperative mechanism that facilitates sport participation

17‐α estradiol ameliorates age‐associated sarcopenia and improves late‐life physical function in male mice but not in females or castrated males

Pharmacological treatments can extend mouse lifespan, but lifespan effects often differ between sexes. 17‐α estradiol (17aE2), a less feminizing structural isomer of 17‐β estradiol, produces lifespan extension only in male mice, suggesting a sexually dimorphic mechanism of lifespan regulation. We tested whether these anti‐aging effects extend to anatomical and functional aging—important in late‐life health—and whether gonadally derived hormones control aging responses to 17aE2 in either sex. While 17aE2 started at 4 months of age diminishes body weight in both sexes during adulthood, in late‐life 17aE2‐treated mice better maintain body weight. In 17aE2‐treated male mice, the higher body weight is associated with heavier skeletal muscles and larger muscle fibers compared with untreated mice during aging, while treated females have heavier subcutaneous fat. Maintenance of skeletal muscle in male mice is associated with improved grip strength and rotarod capacity at 25 months, in addition to higher levels of most amino acids in quadriceps muscle. We further show that sex‐specific responses to 17aE2—metabolomic, structural, and functional—are regulated by gonadal hormones in male mice. Castrated males have heavier quadriceps than intact males at 25 months, but do not respond to 17aE2, suggesting 17aE2 promotes an anti‐aging skeletal muscle phenotype similar to castration. Finally, 17aE2 treatment benefits can be recapitulated in mice when treatment is started at 16 months, suggesting that 17aE2 may be able to improve aspects of late‐life function even when started after middle age.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148386/1/acel12920_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148386/2/acel12920.pd

μ→eγ\mu \to e \gamma and μ→3e\mu \to 3e processes with polarized muons and supersymmetric grand unified theories

$\mu^{+} \to e^{+} \gamma$ and $\mu^{+} \to e^{+}e^{+}e^{-}$ processes are analyzed in detail with polarized muons in supersymmetric grand unified theories. We first present Dalitz plot distribution for $\mu^{+} \to e^{+}e^{+}e^{-}$ decay based on effective Lagrangian with general lepton-flavor-violating couplings and define various P- and T-odd asymmetries. We calculate branching ratios and asymmetries in supersymmetric SU(5) and SO(10) models taking into account complex soft supersymmetry breaking terms. Imposing constraints from experimental bounds on the electron, neutron and atomic electric dipole moments, we find that the T-odd asymmetry for $\mu^{+} \to e^{+}e^{+}e^{-}$ can be 15% in the SU(5) case. P-odd asymmetry with respect to muon polarization for $\mu^{+} \to e^{+} \gamma$ varies from -20% to -100% for the SO(10) model while it is $+100$ in the SU(5) case. We also show that the P-odd asymmetries in $\mu^{+} \to e^{+}e^{+}e^{-}$ and the ratio of $\mu^{+} \to e^{+}e^{+}e^{-}$ and $\mu^{+} \to e^{+} \gamma$ branching fractions are useful to distinguish different models.Comment: 52 pages, 15 figure